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Another attempt to undo a human-induced intrinsic harm is the introduction of Aldabra giant tortoises to ile aux Aigrettes, near Mauritius, to replace an extinct local species that had been crucial to maintaining this island’s ebony forests.
還有一個人類為了消除其對環境造成的內在傷害而引入外來物種的例子：在毛里求斯附近的愛格雷特島引入亞達伯拉巨型陸龜，以代替當地一種已經滅絕的，對維持烏木森林至關重要的當地物種。
Introductions are also sometimes made to reduce the risk of a localised species becoming extinct.
有時，引入外來物種也是為了降低當地物種滅絕的風險。
Pyne’s ground plum, native to a handful of sites in the central basins of Tennessee but now transplanted to others, falls into this category.
一種黃芪屬植物的原產地只有田納西州中央盆地的幾個地點，但現在移植到了其他地區，就是因為這個原因。
Relational values are the most esoteric, being experienced on an emotional rather than a practical level.
關系價值是最深奧的，是需要在情感層面，而不是實踐層面上來體會。
Lots of people feel good about native wildlife, which is generally the main motive for its conservation.
許多人對本土的野生動植物感覺良好，通常是他們保護這些動植物的主要原因。
But that feel-good factor can extend to interlopers as well, especially if the interloping happened a while back.
但這種感覺也可以延伸到外來物種身上，特別是外來物種在當地存在一段時間之后。
Dingoes, for example, are the descendants of dogs brought to Australia more than 3,500 years ago, presumably by human agency, but which have lived free there ever since and have entered the mythologies of aboriginal Australians.
例如澳洲野犬。它可能是3500多年前由人類引入澳大利亞的狗的后代，但從那以后，它們一直在澳大利亞自由生活，并在澳大利亞原住民的神話中占有了一席之地。
Similarly, the wild horses and asses (mustangs and burros) of North America, though not as long established as dingoes, have found places in the hearts of sufficient numbers of people to have active lobbies for their conservation.
同樣，北美的野馬和野驢(卡尤塞馬和美國西部小毛驢)雖然沒有像澳洲野犬那么久遠的歷史，但也在很多人心中找到了立足之地，得到了積極的保護。
Relational values can cut both ways, however.
然而，關系價值有利也有弊。
For example, ring-necked parakeets, an Asian and African species, have been spreading through Britain for several decades.
來自亞洲和非洲的環頸鸚鵡，幾十年來一直在英國繁衍。
Some find them a colourful addition to the local wildlife, others a gaudy, noisy competitor for native birds.
一些人認為它們五顏六色，能夠豐富當地野生動物的色彩，另一些人則認為它們花里胡哨、嘰嘰喳喳，是本土鳥類的競爭者。
Having established their intellectual framework, Dr. Sax and his colleagues suggest future research might work within it and, in particular, be properly open-minded about the benefits as well as the costs of introductions.
薩克斯博士和他的同事們建立了自己的理論框架，他們建議在這個框架下進行未來的研究，尤其是要對物種引入的利弊保持適當的開放態度。
Past attempts to do this for significant numbers of species at a time are rare, though they have come up with two.
就引入物種的利弊進行的大型研究很少，但還是有兩份研究記錄。
One, published in 2020, examined 105 species.
其中一個研究發表于2020年，研究了105個物種。
It showed only benefits for 30, only costs for 31 and both for 44.
研究顯示30個物種對當地生態有利，31個物種會對生態構成威脅，44個物種利弊皆有。
Another, from 2014, came to similar conclusions for 87 marine species introduced into European waters.
2014年的另一項研究是關于引入歐洲水域的87種海洋物種，并得出了類似的結論。
7 provided pure benefit, 17 pure cost and 63 both.
7個物種對生態完全有利，17個物種是純粹的威脅，63個物種利弊皆有。
In light of their analysis Dr. Sax and his team therefore suggest that researchers studying introduced species should in future follow three principles.
因此，根據他們的分析，薩克斯博士和他的團隊建議研究外來物種的研究人員在未來遵循三個原則。
First, they should create a clear distinction in their studies between changes that have happened and judgments about the value of those changes.
首先，他們應該在研究中分清變化以及對這些變化的價值判斷。
Second, when making those judgments, they should acknowledge all three types of values, rather than focusing narrowly on one or two of them.
其次，在做出判斷時，研究人員應該關注全部三種類型的價值，而不是僅僅關注其中的一種或兩種。
Third, they should actively consider biases in previous research that might have led to unbalanced conclusions.
第三，他們應該積極思考之前研究中可能導致錯誤結論的偏見。
That done, many species will surely still end up on the debit side of the ledger.
即使做到了這些，許多物種最終還是會被歸為有害的一方。
But others, badly thought of in the past, may not.
但也有一些在過去被認為是威脅的物種或許能洗清罪名。
Dingoes, for one, were originally despised by Australia’s more recent, European, settlers.
例如，澳洲野犬最初受到來到澳大利亞的歐洲定居者的鄙視。
Now those, too, include partisans seeking the dogs’ preservation.
現在，這些人也成為了澳洲野犬的堅定支持者，希望能夠好好保護它們。
